One of the important elements which provided Selim I with the preliminaries of comprehensive military attack against the territory of Mamlū ks, was the bringing together of the Madrasa educators, the jurisprudents (Mufties) and the Ilmiye class elders. In examining the issue of Ottoman invasion against the Mamlū ks, although it is referred to the Ulema and Muftis’ permission to fight with the Mamlū ks, it often does not pay close attention to the complexity of the issue of this fatwas (legal opinions) and the considerations of the Madrasa educators and jurisprudents in this matter. This study shows that, according to the Mulla Arab’ s fatwa, the Sheikh al-Islam during the reign of Bayazid II, on the illegitimacy of two Muslim rulers’ conflicts that, led to the end of the Ottoman-Mamlū ks five-year wars, also because of the Mamluk Sultans were Sunni, declaring Jihad against them was simply not possible. Knowing this, by the conventional way in asking the fatwa, Selim I made a request for fatwa about the legitimation of the military attack against Mamlū ks vaguely and without reference to the case consciously and deliberately. Considering all the problems ahead in issuing the Fatwa of jihad against the Sunni Mamlū k rulers, The Madrasa educators and the Muftis issued a multi-stage fatwas. These fatwas, on the one hand, realized the objective purpose of the Ottoman Sultan to attack on the Mamluks, and on the other, in appearance, there was no contradiction with the Mulla arab’ previous fatwa.

The geographical location of Dulghadϊr Emirate (1339-1521), which was located in an area bordered with both Ottoman and Safavid territories, caused it to be affected by the political circumstances of these two governments. Dulghadϊr government, which sought to find an ally and join a more powerful government for its survival, adopted a contradictory policy in relation to the Safavid and Ottoman governments. At the beginning of the formation of the Safavid government, the Dulghadϊr were supporters and obedient to Shāh Ismāil I (1501-1524), then they supported his enemy, i.e. Murād Beg Aq Quyūnlu (1500-1508). On the other hand, Dulghadϊr ruler also took the path of hypocrisy towards the Ottoman government. Sultān Selim I (1512-1520), who witnessed Alā-al-dawlah Dulghadϊr's (1479-1515) continuous failures towards the Ottomans, took advantage of the weakness of this government and attacked Dulghadϊr, defeating its government and capturing its territory. This paper is aimed to investigate the effect of the Dulghadϊr conflict with the both Safavid and Ottoman governments on the process of the fall of the Dulghadϊr Emirate, in a descriptive-analytical way.

During the 10th century AH, the Ottoman reign, which reached its apex in the ages of Selam I and Suleyman the Magnificent, was flourished and developed in many aspects of court, administrative, military, economy and art because of numerous factors. In this research, the role of Iranians in the artistic and bureaucratic writings of the Ottoman Empire has been considered as one of the important factors in development and progress of the Ottomans' during the century. The historical documents, sources, and related studies indicate that the Iranian scribes played a significant role in two aspects of writing: book design and administrative writings. An increase in the number of books by transcription of religious, literary, historical and scientific works, artistic inventions, the transfer of Iranian artistic heritage into the Ottoman Empire, strengthening of court writing, and providing a skillful personnel were some of those activities that led to the reinforcement, development and expansion of court writings. These efforts along with other policies in the different sectors of government brought about the Ottomans' glory in the 10th century AH.

This study aimed to assess the impact of three different anesthetic agents, viz. clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), and myrtus (Myrtus communis) oils - on hematology indices and stress factors in Ship sturgeon, Acipenser nudiventris with an average weight of 90.62±10.13 g. Through a preliminary test, optimal concentrations of each oil were determined to be 75 mg/L for clove, 200 mg/L for coriander, and 800 mg/L for myrtus. The subsequent experiment compared the effects of these oils on hematological indicators and stress factors in Ship sturgeon after anesthesia at their respective optimal concentrations. Blood samples were collected at 10 minutes and 24 hours post-anesthesia. The results showed no mortalities during the study period. Anesthesia with different oils did not significantly affect red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) or mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (P>0.05). However, sampling time significantly influenced red blood cell count and hematocrit levels (P<0.05). Furthermore, cortisol hormone and blood glucose levels were significantly impacted by the type of anesthetic agent used and the sampling timing; notably, their highest levels were observed following anesthesia with clove oil.

Since the rise the Safavid Shi’ i government in Iran, Shi’ ism has turned into a serious and important problem for the Ottomans, as well as the scholar class and the scholastics of the jurisdiction of this government. The spiritual influence of the Safavid household among a considerable part of the residents of Anatolia in this period has made the observers to conclude that this land had been on the verge of converting from Sunnism to Shi’ ism. In circumstances this this important issue was interpreted as uselessness of propagative and scholastic activities of the past periods, the urgent solution in view of the majority of these scholastics was a violent confrontation by the Ottoman government with the groups advocating the Safavids in Anatolia. Thus, the famous and influential scholastics sought to create a psychological and propagational climate and employ the issuance of fatwas against the Shi’ i-Safavids and thereby instigate the Ottoman government to engage in military confrontation against the Shi’ as of Anatolia and the Safavids. Despite all these attempts, Bayezid II refused direct combat against the newly-established Safavid Government and, while confronting with some Shi’ i manifestations, imposed some restrictions on the advocates of the Safavids and Shah Isma’ il. However, with the rise of Selim I to power and his political and personal motives for combat against the Shi’ as and Safavids to establish his power, he succeeded in creating conditions in which the scholastics could prepare the ground for the Ottoman’ s military invasion of Iran against the Shi’ as. Accordingly, a part of the reasons for the occurrence of the Battle of Chaldiran should be sought in the positioning of the scholastics against the growth of Shi’ ism in Anatolia and the rise of the Shi’ i Safavid government.

In this research, the anesthetic effects of peppermint essential oil with concentrations of 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mg/L and its comparison with concentrations of 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L of clove essential oil were evaluated in rainbow trout. 132 fish with an average weight of 23.31±1.27g were used for anesthesia experiments. The induction time of anesthesia using peppermint essential oil varied from 1.69 to 4.81 minutes among different concentrations. In the case of clove essential oil, this time varied from 0.82 to 2.51 minutes in different concentrations. Recovery from complete anesthesia in both anesthetics significantly increase with increasing concentration of the anesthetic. The recovery time from complete anesthesia in the case of peppermint essential oil was from 2.50 to 5.55 minutes and in fish anesthetized with Clove essential oil varied from 2.96 to 3.87. Based on the ideal criteria of induction of anesthesia (less than 3 minutes) and recovery from anesthesia (less than 5 minutes), it is recommended that the most suitable concentration of peppermint essential oil to anesthetize rainbow trout in the tested weight is 200mg/L and the most suitable concentration of clove essential oil is 30mg/L.

Background and Objectives: Trees in urban environments improve air quality by filtering and absorbing gases and particles. However, these trees may themselves be vulnerable to air pollution. Oriental plane trees (Platanus orientalis L. ) were widely used for Tehran's greenery, Iran, but are now gradually deteriorating. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L. ), a resistant species adaptable to various climates, is often planted for beautifying green spaces. This study examined physiological leaf characteristics of both species in late spring across three Tehran areas with varying air pollution levels to assess oriental plane sensitivity and black locust resistance. Methodology: Twenty leaves from five trees of each species were collected from three parks: Sadra (District 22), Al-Mahdi (District 9), and Avesta (District 11), spanning western to central Tehran. Based on Tehran Air Quality Control Organization data, Al-Mahdi and Avesta parks were classified as polluted, while Sadra Park was relatively clean. Stomatal conductance (transpiration), stomatal resistance, and relative leaf moisture were measured using a porometer. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were determined via the Porra (2002) method, and anthocyanin levels via Mancinelli et al. (1988). Dried leaves and soil samples were extracted using a Digesdahl apparatus per Pichtel and Bradway (2008). Iron, zinc, nickel, and copper concentrations in extracts were analyzed using an ICP atomic absorption spectrometer. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with five replicates, SAS software (version 9. 1) was used for analysis, with two-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test for variance and mean comparisons. Results: Soil from the three areas showed minor textural differences, with heavy metal levels below permissible limits. Both species exhibited highest stomatal transpiration in polluted areas and lowest in Sadra Park. Stomatal resistance was highest in Sadra Park for both species, though oriental plane leaf moisture showed no significant differences across areas. Black locust leaf moisture was lowest in Sadra Park (P<0. 01). Chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were highest in Sadra Park for oriental plane (P<0. 01) and black locust (not significant). Anthocyanin was highest in oriental plane leaves from Sadra Park (P<0. 01) and lowest in black locust leaves from Sadra Park (P<0. 05). Air pollution did not significantly affect iron, zinc, nickel, or copper in oriental plane leaves, which contained higher zinc and nickel than black locust. Black locust leaves had higher iron and copper, with iron elevated in polluted areas (P<0. 01). Nickel was lowest in black locust leaves from Al-Mahdi Park (P<0. 05), while copper and zinc showed no significant differences across areas. Conclusion: Unlike oriental plane trees, black locust trees showed no air pollution effects on chlorophyll and carotenoid content through late spring. Black locust may defend against pollution by increasing leaf anthocyanin. Air pollution increased stomatal conductance in both species, but black locust prevented dehydration by reducing stomatal resistance and maintaining leaf moisture, while oriental plane did not, resulting in necrosis and leaf dryness, especially in high-pollution traffic zones.  Keywords: Air pollution, green space, heavy metals, physiological traits, plant resistance.

The Catalan numbers are ubiquitous in counting problems which is one of the primary reasons for its popularity. From various sources like books and Wikipedia we see that in combinatorial mathematics. The Catalan numbers form is a sequence of natural numbers that occur in various counting problems, often involving recursively-defined objects such as polygon triangulation, balanced parentheses, mountain ranges, diagonal avoiding paths and binary tree. Belgian mathematician Eugene Charles Catalan discovered Catalan numbers in 1838, while studying well-formed sequences of parentheses. They are named after the Belgian mathematician Eugene Charles Catalan. Although they are named after Catalan, they were not first discovered by him. These numbers appear in a variety of disguises, we are so used to having them around, it is perhaps hard to imagine a time when they were either unknown, or known but obscure and underappreciated. The organization of this paper is as follows. The first we encountered a number of occurrences of the CBC and Catalan numbers. Then, we study to understand the connections between these numbers and well-known structures of Catalan numbers like dyck paths, binary trees, permutations, partitions and etc. We also discuss some algebraic interpretations and additional aspects of Catalan numbers. 1- IntroductionFor positive integers $n\geq k$, the \textit{Binomial coefficient} ${n\choose k}=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}$ appears in Khayyam Triangle which is one of the most important object to solving and proposing combinatorics problems. Using properties of binomial coefficients, we can write\begin{eqnarray*}{2n\choose n}&=&{2n-1\choose n-1}+{2n-1\choose n}\\&=&{2n-1\choose n}+{2n-1\choose n}\\&=&2{2n-1\choose n},\end{eqnarray*}where show these numbers are even. The \textit{CBC}s $\binom{2n}{n}$ are centrally located in even numbered rows in Pascal’s triangle, as Figure 1 shows. It was conjectured by \textit{Paul Erd\H{o}s} that the CBC numbers are squarefree for all $n>4$. This conjecturewas proved for every sufficiently large $n$ [4,16]. These numbers appears in several importance sequences like \textit{Catalan, Narayana, Motzikin and etc.} This is one of the reasons for researchers to having special attention to these numbers. The $n$-Catalan numbers defined as $C_n=\frac{1}{n+1}{2n\choose n}$, with initial value $C_0=1$. To date, nearly 400 articles and problems have appeared on Catalan numbers. \textit{Richard P. Stanley} of Massachusetts Institute of Technology has listed over $270$ occurrences of Catalan numbers in his EnumerativeCombinatorics, vol. 2, and another seventy on his Web site Catalan Addendum [17,18]. The CBC numbers are given as sequence $A000108 $ in the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences [20]. Using generating functions, It can be employed to derive the following explicit formula . To this end, consider the generating function $C(x)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} C_nx^n=C_0+C_1x+C_2x^2+\cdots$. Using some initial values of Catalan numbers, we can write\begin{align*}\label{GF}xC^2(x)&=(1+x+2x^2+5x^3+14x^4+42x^5+\cdots)^2\\&=1+2x+5x^2+14x^3+\cdots =C(x)-1.\end{align*}Then\begin{eqnarray}4x^2C^2(x)=4xC(x)-4x+1-1\end{eqnarray}Solving for $C(x)=\frac{1-\sqrt{1-4x}}{2x}$. In this paper, we introduce and prove some structures of Catalan numbers. The set family like $\{\S_i\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$ is called structures of Catalan numbers if it can define the bijection $F: \S_n\longrightarrow C_n$ between these family and Catalan numbers. In the Section 1, we shall only study Dyck paths, and provide several bijective proofs like polygon triangulation, balanced parentheses, mountain ranges, that they are counted by Catalan numbers. We first introduce Dyck and binary paths, and then state our main theorem in Section 2.In Section 3, we states structures of Catalan numbers and Nonintersecting Chords. Let we have $2n$ persons with labaled $v_1; v_2;\ldots;v_{2n}$ such that located at the boundary of a circle with equal distancebetween every two adjacent persons. Let $R_n$ be the set of different ways to pair the $2n$persons with edges (as straight lines) that do no intersect. Then, $|R_n| = |C_n|$. In Section 4, we find structures of Catalan numbers and triangulated polygons. Section 5 devoted to structures of Catalan numbers and words. A \textit{plane tree} is a rooted tree with an ordering specified for the children of eachvertex. In the Section 6, we proved $C_n$ counts the number of plane trees with $n+1$ vertices and also, states several new structures of Catalan numbers and trees. Sections 7 and 8 devoted to structures of Catalan numbers between permutations and partitions., respectability. 2- Main ResultsThere are many equivalent ways to define Catalan numbers. The main results of this paper,focus on combinatorial interpretations of Catalannumbers. Some of these structures of Catalan numbers which is discuss in this paper are1) Dyck paths of length $n$ with two steps $(0,1)$ and $(1,0)$.2) binary parenthesizations of a string of $n+1$ letters.3) The set of binary trees with n nodes.4) Plane trees with n internal nodes, all of degree 2.5) Paths from $(0,0)$ to $(2n,0)$ with steps $(1,−1)$ and $(1, 1)$, never falling below the $x$-axis.6) Noncrossing pairs of sequences of $n+1$ steps $(1, 0)$ and $(0, 1)$, which only intersect at start and end.7) In Stanley, this is described as non-intersecting arcs joining $n$ pairs of points in the plane. Our preferred version of this representation is to think of it as partitions of $2n$ into blocks of size 2.8) $n$ nonintersecting chords joining $2n$ points on a circle.9) Ways of drawing $n +1$ points on a line with arcs connecting them such that the arcs do not pass below the line, the arcs are noncrossing, all the arcs at a given node exit in the same direction (left or right), and the graph thus formed is a tree.10) Partitions of an $(n + 2)$-gon into triangles.11) Noncrossing partitions of $[n]$.12) Noncrossing Murasaki diagrams with $n$ vertical bars.13) Nonnesting partitions of $[n]$.14) Permutations of the multiset $\{1^2, 2^2,\ldots,n^2\}$ such that the first occurrences of each number appear in increasing order, and there is no subsequenceof the form $abab$.15) $321$-avoiding permutations of $[n]$.16) Permutations w of $[2n]$ with $n$ cycles of length two such that the product $(1, 2,\ldots,2n)w$ has $n$ cycles.17) Permutations of $[n]$ that can be stack sorted.18) Binary parenthesizations of a string of $n + 1$ letters.19) The numbers of the sequences $(a_1,\ldots,a_n)$ such that $1\leq a_1\leq \cdots \leq a_n$ and $a_i\leq i$.20) Standard Young Tableux of shape $(n, n)$.3- ConclusionsWe have studied some nice structures of the Catalan numbers in this paper. We make frequent references to Stanley’s list of Catalan representations [19]. These can be found in exercise 6.19, where each of the representations discussed is given as a part of the exercise. So, the first, we encountered a number of occurrences of the CBC $\binom{2n}{n}$ and Catalan numbers. Then, we study to understand the connections between these numbers and well-known structures of Catalan numbers like dyck paths, binary trees, permutations, partitions and etc. We also discuss some algebraic interpretations and additional aspects of Catalan numbers. It would be interesting for readers to considering results on divisibility of CBC and Catalan numbers. It would be interesting to explore similar techniques for Structures of Motzkin numbers, Delannoy numbers, Narayana Numbers and etc.

After catching, aquatic animals undergo chemical, microbial and sensory changes, which cause them to spoil and reduce the shelf life of the product. The purpose of this study was to use edible chitosan coating containing the alcoholic extract of Nannochloropsis sp. on the shelf life of Metapenaeus affinis. For optimization, different concentrations of algae extract (0, 1.5 and 3%), temperature (-10, -3 and 4°C) and storage time (0, 7 and 15 days) were considered as independent variables. Based on the output of RSM software, 15 treatments were selected, and variance analysis was used to determine the suitability of the obtained models. Peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total volatile nitrogen bases (TVB-N), free fatty acids (FFA), total aerobic bacteria (TVC) and color changes (L*, a*and b*) were investigated. Based on the results, the amount of microbial, chemical and indicators of shrimp fillet decreased significantly with the increase in the concentration of algae extract compared to the control group (P<0.05). On the seventh and fifteenth days of storage, the ninth and twelfth treatments showed the lowest bacterial load with 3.22±0.64 Log CFU/g and 4.60±0.65 Log CFU/g (P<0.05). The increase in extract concentration and temperature caused the increase of a* and b* indices and the decrease of L* color index. The percentage of fat and weight yield of shrimp fillet increased significantly with the increase in extract concentration (P<0.05). Based on the results of quality indicators, shrimp fillet at -10°C and 3% extract concentration was favorable for human consumption. According to F-value, in all indicators, temperature was more influential compared to time. The proposed formulas for each index were able to predict the quality changes of shrimp fillet.

Sultan Selim III (1789-1787) was one of the reformist Ottoman sultans who, with his modernist ideas and the support of modern elites, sought to bring the Ottoman government to the forefront of world competition and by organizing internal affairs and initiating fundamental reforms tried to save the kingdom from crisis and recession. In addition, he was able to pave the way for new reforms for his successors. The present study is descriptive-analytical and based on library resources. It tries to explain and analyze the evolution of the Ottoman Empire in the political, economic and social arenas in the era of Sultan Selim III and examine the type of reformist actions and reactions of the Ottoman society to his actions to find out why the Ottoman modernist Sultan's reform project failed.